| People on Earth who like to seek out such wonders as Orion, the Big Dipper and other constellations eventually may see advertisements for such things as cigarettes and soft drinks in outer space as well. Alexander Labrynov, a Russian spacecraft designer, says that he has created and patented a device that can put advertisements in space that will be able to be seen from Earth. He maintains that these space commercials could be seen by huge audiences and would result in intercontinental coverage.
Today, with reference to the creation of new states, by not going into the complex legal nuances, we notice that, their emergence is based on an already existing territory of a modern state (or several states) and therefore does not encroach the general international territories - open sea, Antarctica, space and celestial bodies. Due to these reasons, at the government level, such extravagances, certainly, are not perceived seriously. In the same way, as the confidence of a certain citizen that he is Napoleon Bonaparte, is within the competence of medicine and does not demand any diplomatic demarches, judgments on deprivation of his powers or reactions from the UNO. Particularly with this, it is possible to explain the absence of the reaction from other states on the cosmic claims of the "Lunar Republic”. As to some commercial success of projects of virtual states, such as the Lunar Republic, Silend, the Dominion of Melchizedek and others, then it speaks entirely not about the legitimacy of such undertakings but only about trustfulness and the low legal knowledge of a large section of the inhabitants, which can be profitably exploited by corresponding vigorous advertising.
Property ownership in space: The legislation of The USA, or any other country, can not authorize somebody to be the proprietor of the moon's (Mars etc.) property. And, even if any government allows the possibility of such property in its national legislation, then it becomes an illegal international act and reference to the law of such a government will be rejected by other courts as contradictory to the imperative norms of the law of nations.
Thus, the "land registration” certificate on lunar or Martian sites, actually, does not give any property rights. The unfortunate buyer becomes only the owner of a beautifully issued sheet of paper and whatever has been promised to him by the “lunar realtors”, the paper souvenir can only be sold, gifted or given in inheritance by the buyer.
Initially, Denice Hope maintained that, he acquired the moon and planets on the basis of the legislation of the State of California. However, further, he decided to proclaim the independent state - the Lunar Republic with its constitution, the citizens of which are the owners of lunar sites. By naivety, it seems as if the issue of property on extraterrestrial real estate is correctly solved: once the Lunar Republic does not figure in the Space Treaty, signed in 1967, then the moon has the right to extend its sovereignty to celestial bodies.
Certainly, these arguments will bring a broad smile on the face of any lawyer or international affairs expert. The fact of the matter is that, the emergence of governments on international territories such as celestial bodies, Antarctica, open sea or outer space, as of today, is principally excluded. Whereas, the principle of no appropriation of outer space is referred only in the 1967 Treaty. Owing to daily practice and the general agreement of the states, the treaty became an imperative norm in the form of international legal custom. It is equally obligatory for everyone, including the new states, which have not yet become members of the "space" treaty pact. General solid "no" claims of separate states on geostationary orbit in the 1970s serve as an example. Therefore, any attempts of appropriation of territories on celestial bodies and claims on their sovereignty not only lead to the creation and recognition of new states but will also become a direct and uncivilized trespassing in the interests of the entire international community.
Protection of Earth from asteroids:
Russian federal space agency (Roscosmos) plans to develop a system to protect Earth from asteroids after 2026.
Proposals for realization of space activity till 2040:
Space Exploration, directions of development:
• Further study of circum-terrestrial space;
• Study of Moon;
• Preparation & realization of flight to Mars.
This program is divided into stages:
1. First Stage (upto 2015):
• Completing the integration of Russian segment of ISS;
• Increase the effectiveness of transportation system;
• Creation of scientific backup for subsequent stages.
2. Second Stage (upto 2020):
• Creation of new-generation disengagement facilities & transport systems;
• Continuance of use of ISS upto 2020.
3. Third Stage (upto 2040):
• Realization of manned space flights to Moon & Mars;
• Study of Moon:
+ Flight to Moon can be launched by 2025.
+ It is assumed to create a base on satellite of Earth by 2035.
• Flight to Mars is planned after 2035.
• Development of system to protect Earth from asteroids.
Launcher is one of the most important elements of space exploration. For example, success of Soviet Union in the early stages of space exploration, to a large extent, is due to the availability of much-more modernized launchers R-7 than US launchers & successful completion of American lunar program would be impossible without launcher “Saturn-5”. |
