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As of today several theories of origin of life are familiar:
Creationism;
Autogenesis;
Stationary condition;
Panspermia;
Bio-chemical evolution.
Of all, the last one is assumed to be the most valid and classical.
It was well known, that history of living things starts in Archeozoic
era. Big interest gives
the findings of investigations of Mesozoic era and Jurassic period,
during which lived and sharply extinct dinosaurs. There are more questions than
answers: what were they? what did they eat? What had given them the
specific diversity? Why did they become extinct?
In the modern living world there are four kingdoms: Plants, Animals,
Fungi, Prokaryotes.
They live in close interaction with one another and depend on the
conditions surrounding environment.
Many books tell us about this interaction, of systematization,
classification, anatomy, plant physiology, animals and other
organisms.
Books about plants direct attention on the fact that there exist two
of their groups: higher and lower. Lower ones differ in that they
don't have organs and tissues. This is basically division of algae,
but particularly evolution of sexual and asexual reproduction is all
traced among algae. Among Spirogyra is observed the first sexual
process – conjugation. Conjugation there after is seen in higher
organisms and in human beings during meiosis while the gamete
formation takes place.
Slowly plants from water come out on to the dry land. Fundamentally it
is necessary for new forms to be formed so that adjusts in the new
environment. We see how tissues and organs are being formed, and also
method of reproduction – spores. Evolution of the plants is dealt in
the articles on “Kingdom of Plants”: “Mosses and Liverworts”,
“Pteridophytes”, “Gymnosperms”, “Angiosperms”.
Angiosperms – the highest organized plant habitat. The representatives
of this division occupy whole ecological space, and that is on strong
reasons. Their high organization and adaptation were brought in the
articles “Kingdom of Plants”, “Plant Physiology”, “Pollination”:
Plant cells;
Photosynthesis;
Respiration;
Transpiration;
Leaf Structure;
Nutrition;
Material of construction;
Dwarfism;
Photoperiodic;
Intensity of Light;
Wind pollination;
Insect pollination;
Water pollination;
Adaptation to insects;
Insectivorous plants.
Kingdom of fungi and kingdom of prokaryotes, including sub kingdom of
Bacteria and Cyano-bacteria on the planet are the most ancient. From
those were developed eukaryotes and photo synthetics. The peculiarity
of their formation and significance in the ecosystems at the present
time as the main decomposers is observed in books about “Fungi” and
“Bacteria”.
Animal world is also interesting with its origin. For example not
everybody knows, that first terrestrial, breathing atmospheric oxygen,
were ancient arachnoids and particularly scorpions – ancestors of non
florescent trilobites. At the present time they come under huge type:
Arthropods, originated from polychaetes. Their setula, Para podia,
gave at first for all out growth of arthropods: tentacle, limbs, and
jaw-foot. Gills, stigma and lungs of arthropods were also got from
Para pod of ancient arachnoids. At present time arthropods – most
numerous types of animals, in it is included three classes: cancroids,
arachnoids, scorpions. Peculiarity of their construction and ecology
are included in the division of corresponding chapter:
Difficulties of growth;
Organization of the body;
Floaters and drifters;
Everything in its type;
Nutrition through filter;
Live cork;
Dangerous habitats;
Sliders and elaters;
Satin flower;
Main – wash in time;
Tireless yarn spinner;
Limbs and claws;
Under the dark cover and so on.
Mammals are most highly organized group. Members of this class are
divided into three groups on the basis of origin: Prototheria (egg
layers and have cloacae), Marsupial (kangaroo) and Eutheria. According
to the mentioned article the ecology and construction of the members
of Eutheria is shown, where special attention is given to their role
in the chain feeding of ecosystem. Naturally, they all are consumers,
but subject of our conversation – their place in the pyramid of
trophical relations. First consumers are to be herbivores: elephants,
deer, giraffe, squirrels and others. Second consumers are to be
(beasts of prey) wolves, big cats. In seas, as far as known
terrestrial trophical chain does not appear, there are different
mutual relations. As shown in the articles adaptation to the second
water living consumer: “baleen whales”, “sea lions”, “dolphins”.
Adaptation to the air borne living is written in the materials.
“Flying Mammals”. Adaptations of relative sense organs are considered
in the books and articles about the sense organs of mammals.
And, at last, we tried to explain regarding all mutual relations of
living nature and non-living components, in any of the particular
example. The choice had been, on our view the most successful: Swamp –
the most ancient ecologic system, and since it is evolved far from
all, it is brought as an example of ecosystems of swamps. |
Leaf Insects, and "Stick Insects" are two species of animal kingdom which are the best mimics of plants in their natural habitat. Through the evolution they changed their shape and color to match the changing plants. Considered the freaks of nature, these insects, sometimes called "walking leafs" and "walking sticks", are getting popular to be kept as pets.
