 The most important of all human organs, the brain, is still under evolution scientists have reported. Early fossil records and some genetic studies clearly demonstrate that the evolution of higher cognition began sometime after the chimp and human lines split, some 5 to 6 million years ago. This continued until the rise of Homo Sapiens around 200,000 years ago. However, with that said, two genes linked to brain size are rapidly evolving in humans even now, indication that the evolution of the human brain carries on. This is the report or researchers from the University of Chicago in two related papers included within the September 9th issue of "Science."
The interesting fact, that the Darwin evolution book was translated into the German language by Bronn, who disagreed with his ideas, but considered that the new idea has a right to survive (modern evolutionist and popularizer N. N. Vorontsov supports Bronn in this as real scientist). By considering the views of other opponent of Darwin – Agassisa, let us note that, this what scientist said about the importance of a combination of methods of embryology, anatomy and paleontology for the determination of a position of kind or other taxonomy in classification of the schematic. Thus, types get their place in the natural order of the universe. It was curious to know, that the tempered supporter of Darwin – Hekkel, widely propagandizes the triad postulated by Agassis, the “method of triple parallelism” already in respect of the idea of relationship and that heated by the self enthusiasm of Hekkel caught by contemporaries. All, to some extent serious zoologists, anatomists, embryologists, paleontologists are accepting to build entire forests of phylogenetic trees. As only a possible idea of monophyly is spreading from the light hand of Hekkel – the birth from a single ancestor, which completely dominated the ideas of scientists even in middle of the 20th century. Modern evolutionists based on the studies different from all other reproduction method of algae Rhodophycea (fixed masculine and feminine gamete, and he absence of a cell center and any flagellates formations) say a least two independently formed the ancestry of plants. At the same time they found that the appearance of mitotic apparatus took place independently at least twice: for ancestors of the kingdom of mushrooms and animals, from one side, and in the sub kingdoms of present algae (except Rhodophycea) and high plants. So, it is accepted that the origin of life was not from a single pro organism but at least from three. In any case, it is highlighted that, not any other scheme as proposed, can be mono phylithic. (there itself). The theory of symbiogenesis, which explains the appearance of lichens (a combination of algae and mushrooms), brought scientists to polyphyly (originated from several organisms not related with relation). This is the main achievement of the theory. In addition, new investigations say that more and more examples are being found, which show the “spreading of sexual perversion in the origin of relatively closed taxones. For example, for the sub family of African arborous rats Dendromurinae: the kind of Deomys molecularly close to present rats Murinae, and the kind of Steatomys in respect of DNA structure closed to giant rats of the sub family Cricetomyinae. That’s why phylogenetic classification requires in reassessment, already based on not only external similarity, but also the structure of genetic material. Experimental biologist and theoretician August Weisman (1834-1914) in a sufficiently clear form said in relation to the cellular nucleus, is a carrier of heredity. Independently from Mendel he came to one important conclusion about the discreteness of heredity units. Mendel works practically remained for 35 years without any changes. The ideas of Weisman (some where after 1863) have become the property of a huge circle of biologists, subject for discussions. Fascinating pages of the origination of studies about chromosomes, the appearance of cytogenetics, the creation of chromosome theory of the origination by T.G.Morgan in 1912-1916 – all strongly stimulated August Weisman. By investigating the embryonic growth of the sea urchin, he suggested to differ two forms of the division of cells – equatorial and reducing, i.e. come to the opening of meiosis – the important stage of combined changes and sexual process. But Weisman could not avoid some speculation in his understanding about the mechanism of the transfer of heredity. He thought that the entire set of discrete factors – “determinants” - had only cells т.н. “embryonic paths”. One type of determinants falls in one type of cells “silurus” (bodies) and other types – differently. Differences in the sets of determinants are explained by the specialization of cells of the silrus. So, we can see that by predicting the existence of meiosis fairly, Weisman made a mistake in predicting the fate of the spreading of genes. He also propagated the principle of selection for competition between the cells and as cells are the carriers of either determinants, he explained about their fighting between themselves. The modern concepts of "egoistic DNA" and the "egoistic gene", progressed into the boundaries of the 70s and 80s of the 20th century and have something in common with Weisman in the concurrence of determinants. Weisman concentrated on that fact that the "embryonic plasma" isolated from the cells of silrus of the entire organism, that’s why he said about the impossibility of inheritance of features obtained by organism (silrus) under the action of a medium. But many Darwinists accepted this idea of Lamark. Firm critics of Weisman for this concept caused a negative relation from orthodox Darwinists (those, who accepted selection as the single factor of evolution) towards himself and his theory. |
