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| | Drum is a pulsatile musical instrument, membranophone. It is extended at the majority of the people. Consists of hollow wooden (or metal) cylindrical case-resonator or a frame on which from one or two sides leather membranes are tightened (relative height of a sound are tense it can be regulated by their tension). Sound is extracted by striking on a membrane with a soft tip wooden beater, or a stick, or hands, and sometimes by friction.
History
It was known about the existence of drums in ancient Sumer about 3000 years BC.
At an excavation in Mesopotamia, one of the most ancient percussion instruments were made in the form of the small cylinders belonging to the third millennium B.C. were found. Since the most ancient times the drum was used as the signaling tool, and also for supporting ritual dances, military processions, religious ceremonies. Drums had reached modern Europe from the Middle East. The prototype of a small (military) drum had been borrowed from Arabs in Spain and Palestine. Long history of development of the drum today testified by its large variety. Drums of various forms (even in the form of a sand-glass - Bata) and the sizes (up to
2 meters in diameter) are known. There are bronze, wooden drums (without membranes); so-called slot-hole drums ( they belong to the class of idiophones).
Types of drums
Big drum (bass drum) - two-sided, more rare is the one-sided. It is played with a massive beater with a soft tip; its sound is strong, hollow and low. Except a beater sometimes used are sticks, whisk and etc. Main purpose of the big drum - single touches (from pianissimo to similar to that of thunderous categories like fortissimo). The big drum at first was used by the European composers in a military orchestra; and from the beginning of XVIII century started appearing in opera. The predecessor of big bass drum was used in «janissary music». The big drum is often used for its imitation.
Small drum with two leather membranes are ajangled on the low cylinder. Along the lower membrane strings are ajangled (4-10 in concert and to 18 - in a jazz drum) which give sound a dry rolling, rolling-jingling tone. When strings switched-off with special lever this characteristic rattle disappears. The basic method reception of play – a fraction, a fast tremolo. It is played with two wooden sticks thickened at the ends. In jazz, touches on rim, play with fingers and palms of both hands are applied too. A set of small drums of the various sizes is used, while playing is put on supports (in a wind band (on a march) - carried on a belt at waist level). The small drum is introduced into opera and symphonic orchestras in XIX century; it is often used in military scenes. Today - the leading tool of rhythmic band of jazz.
The pioneer drum is similar to it, but even the smaller size.
The bass drum is little bit smaller size, than the big (concert) drum - 20-22 "(50-56 centimeters).
Tam-tams or tom-toms - the African drums.
Manufacturers
Drums basically made in Japan (Yamaha, Roland) and the USA (Alesis, Drum Workshop), plus a small number in Europe (Simmons) and Taiwan (Taye, WorlMax, Mapex). |
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