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Desert type of landscape, characterized by plain surface, rarefaction or absence of flora and only specific kinds are present from fauna. Deserts are divided into sandy, stony, clay & saline deserts. Snow deserts (in Antarctica and Arctic regions Arctic desert) are identified separately. Most popular sandy desert is Sahara desert, which occupies entire northern part of African continent. So-called deserted regions (semi-deserts) are also similar to deserts.
Deserts are found in temperature zone of Northern hemisphere, subtropical and tropical belts of Northern and Southern hemispheres. Deserts are characterized by arid humidifying conditions (annual precipitation is less than 200 mm and in extra-arid areas less than 50 mm; humidity factor, reflecting the ratio of precipitation and evaporation is 00,15). In relief compound combination of uplands, small hills and island mountains with structural strata plains, ancient river valleys and closed lake hollows. Erosion type bulge forming is strongly weakened and widespread ash relief forms. Large portion of territory of deserts is closed, sometimes they are intercepted by transit rivers (Syr-Darya, Amu Darya, Nile, Hwang He etc); many drying up lakes and the lakes, often changing the contours and sizes (Lobnor, Chad, Eyre), are characteristic for periodically drying up waterways. Often, ground waters are mineralized. Soil is weak, characterized by prevalence of water soluble salts in soil solution over organic substances, usually saline crusts. Vegetative cover is thinned out (distance between the adjacent plants constitute from several tens of cm to several meters and more) and usually cover less than 50 % of surface of soil; in extra arid conditions, vegetation is practically absent.
Plants, mainly thorn bushes and animals reptiles and tiny rock animals are found in sandy deserts. In sandy deserts, oases islets with dense vegetation and reservoirs are found over place of occurrence of ground waters. Snow deserts are found near polar circles and are occupied by animals, which can withstand extreme cold conditions.
Deserts are divided into several types depending on the nature of soil and ground:
Sandy on loose deposits of ancient alluvial plains;
Loamy on weak carbonate integument loams of plains;
Clay Takyr on under-mountain plains and in ancient deltas of rivers;
Clay on low mountains, combined marls and clays;
Pebbly and sand pebbly on gypsum plateau and on under-mountain plains;
Gypsum crushed stone on plateau and young under-mountain plains;
Stony on low mountains and small hills;
Brackish in saline lowering of relief and on sea coasts |
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