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The desert is a type of landscape, characterized by a plain surface, rarefaction or absence of flora and only specific kinds of fauna are present. Deserts are divided into sandy, stony, clay and saline deserts. Snow deserts (in Antarctica and Arctic regions the Arctic desert) are identified separately. The most popular sandy desert is the Sahara desert, which occupies the entire northern part of the African continent. The so called deserted regions (semi-deserts) are also similar to deserts.
Deserts are found in the temperature zones of the Northern hemisphere, subtropical and the tropical belts of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Deserts are characterized by arid humidifying conditions (annual precipitation is less than 200mm and in extra-arid areas less than 50mm; the humidity factor, reflecting the ratio of precipitation and evaporation is 00,15). In relief is the compound combination of uplands, small hills and Island Mountains with structural strata plains, ancient river valleys and closed lake hollows. The erosion type bulge forming is strongly weakened and widespread ash relief forms. A large portion of the territory of deserts is closed, sometimes they are intercepted by transit rivers (Syr-Darya, Amu Darya, Nile, Hwang He etc); many drying up lakes and the lakes, often changing the contours and sizes (Lobnor, Chad, Eyre), are characteristic for periodically drying up waterways. Often, ground waters are mineralized. The soil is weak, characterized by a prevalence of water soluble salts in the soil solution over organic substances, usually saline crusts. The vegetative cover is thinned out (the distance between the adjacent plants constitute from several tens of centimeters to several meters or more) and usually cover less than 50% of the surface of the soil; in extra arid conditions, vegetation is practically absent.
Plants, mainly thorn bushes and animals, reptiles and tiny rock animals are found in sandy deserts. In sandy deserts, oases islets with dense vegetation and reservoirs are found over places with the occurrence of ground waters. Snow deserts are found near the polar circles and are occupied by animals, which can withstand extreme cold conditions.
Deserts are divided into several types depending on the nature of the soil and ground:
Sandy on loose deposits of ancient alluvial plains;
Loamy on weak carbonate integument loams of plains;
Clay Takyr on under-mountain plains and in ancient deltas of rivers;
Clay on low mountains, combined marls and clays;
Pebbly and sand pebbly on gypsum plateau and on under-mountain plains;
Gypsum crushed stone on a plateau and young under-mountain plains;
Stony on low mountains and small hills;
Brackish in saline areas and on the sea coasts.
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