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| | Circus (from Latin “Circus”, verbatim "Circle") is a kind of art.
Circus includes clownery, acrobatics, tightrope walking (balance keeping at unstable position of a body on a wire, a sphere, etc.), musical clowning, conjuring art, a pantomime, an interlude, etc.
Circus specialties, besides work with animals, include various acrobatic and gymnastic disciplines, including: ropemanship, air gymnastics, for example, numbers on trapezes and various land exercises.
Clownery is the most difficult circus genre. The clown owns several disciplines skillfully and its participation in "another's" numbers is the popular happening in any circus.
Circus was at ancient Romans a place of horse races and competitions in speed of driving on chariots, and subsequently and some other shows (single combat of gladiators (including venator- trainer, which were counted gladiators formally too, in spite of that they did not battle), hunting etc.), which were occurred in known holidays and called “ludi circenses”.
In the beginning of existence of Rome, at the first tsars, the Mars field was such place; then, as the legend says, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus has arranged at the expense of spoils in war with Latinas a special stadium in a valley between Palatine and Aventine hills which is known then under the name «Great Circus» (Circus Maximus). Lucius Tarquinius Superbus has a little changed an arrangement of this construction and has increased in it number of places for viewers, Julius Caesar has considerably expanded it, and Нерон after the well-known fire which has devastated Rome, has built Great Circus again with the most luxury; Traianus and Domitian have improved it more, and even Konstantin and his son, Constantius, cared of its ornament. The last races in it occurred in 549 year. Thus, it has existed six centuries, and its history is closely connected with history of Rome and Roman Empire. Its arrangement was similar to ancient Greek hippodromes. The circus ring after its reconstruction by Julius Caesar had at length of 640 m and at width of 130 m. From three parties, one short and semicircular and two lateral, long, it has been surrounded based upon the arches numerous, arranged one above another by circles of seats (lat. “Moeniana”) over which pavilions and galleries with columns towered. The bottom circle laying directly over high enough socle of a construction (lat. “Podium”), has been appointed for senators; there, in days of emperors there was their tribune (lat. “Pulvinar”). Riders could occupy a circle following that only, and other circles were given for people of other estates. From an outer side all this part of a construction represented arcades and colonnades from under which it was possible to get places for viewers. The huge construction was without a roof, but the cloth tensed over them could protect viewers from the sun.
Horse house (lat. “Equus caballus”) - the kind of odd-toed mammals cultivated and widely used by the human up to present time. Horses (Equus) in the broad sense of the word - a unique nowadays living sort of family horse, or solid-hooved animals (Equidae s. Solidungula), perissodactyls group (Perissodactyla). As shows the second name of family, its most typical feature is y the feet having only one finger quite developed and dressed by a hoof. A skull is extended and characterized with relatively long obverse part. During long time horses were in number of the most economical important domestic animals but their importance has fallen in connection with mechanization development. The male of a horse is called as “stallion”. A female horse is called as “mare”. The castrated stallion is called as the “gelding”. A young of a horse is called as a “foal”.
Horse - the inhabitant of the big, open spaces of steppes or the prairies, rescued in case of danger only by means of flight.
The science which studies horses is called hippology.
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