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| | Painting, is a kind of fine arts, which products are created by means of paints put on any surface. Painting is the important means of art reflexion and interpretation of the reality, influence on thoughts and feelings of viewer. The ideological plan artworks is specified in a theme and plot and embodied by means of a composition, illustration and color (coloration).
Monochrome painting (one color tone or shades of one tone) and system of the interconnected color tones (color scale), unchangeable local color and its changes (a semitone, transitions, shades) are used for showing distinctions according to subjects and in their position in space, the reflections showing interaction of variously painted subjects; the general picturesque tone allows to represent subjects in unity with environment, values
(French.. valeur, letters. - value, in painting and the schedule the shade of the tone expressing a certain parity of light and a shade) is formed by the most thin gradation of tone; reproduction of natural illumination is based on direct studying of nature and air environments (plain air).
Expressiveness of painting is defined also by character of dab, processing of a colorful surface (texture). Volume and space is connected with linear and air outlook, shadow-light modeling, use of tonal gradation and spatial qualities of warm and cold colors. Painting can be single-layered (alla prima) and multi layered, having an underpainting and scumble. Painting genres (F. genre - a sort, a kind), historically developed internal divisions in the majority of the art forms, specific to each of areas of art culture.
In the fine arts, the basic genres are defined first of all in an image of the object (a portrait, a landscape, an interior, a still-life, and also historical, battle, animalistic, household genres) or on character of interpretation of this subject (a caricature, a cartoon, a chamber portrait, an historic-genre art, etc.). "sub-genres" the basic genres can arise at fragmentation of subjects of the images themselves (a sea kind, marine - a special kind of a landscape, "breakfasts" and "desserts" - still-life versions).
The basic genres, as well as the concept of genre, have the historical limits. Art of an antiquities, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance did not know accurate borders between genres, and only in 17-18 centuries that the aesthetics of classicism had created strict hierarchical genre system with division of genres on "high" and "low". However, as early as in 19 century, this hierarchy collapses, and borders between genres gradually rubbed and the process of their interlacing and difficult interaction begins.
There is difference among monumental and decoration painting (wall fresco, plafonds, panel), easel painting (picture), decorational painting (theatrical and film scenery), a decorative painting of things of everyday use, icon painting, a miniature (illustration of manuscripts, portrait), a diorama and a panorama. The basic technical versions - oil painting, water color painting on plaster - raw (fresco) and dry (a secco), tempera, glue painting, wax painting, enamel, ceramic painting, mosaic, glass painting, the water painting, gouache, a pastel, India ink often also serve the purpose of art works. |
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