| Painting is a kind of fine arts, which products are created by means of paints put on any surface. Painting is the important means of art reflexion and interpretation of the reality, influence on thoughts and feelings of the viewer. The ideological plan is the artworks are specified in a theme and plot and embodied by means of a composition, illustration and color (coloration).
The monochrome painting (one color tone or shades of one tone) and system of interconnected color tones (color scale), unchangeable local color and its changes (a semitone, transitions, shades) are used for showing distinctions according to subjects and in their position in space, the reflections showing interaction of variously painted subjects; the general picturesque tone allows to represent subjects in unity with the environment.
The value in painting and the shade of the tone expressing a certain parity of light and a shade is formed by the most thin gradation of tone; reproduction of the natural illumination is based on the direct studying of nature and air environments (plain air).
The expressiveness of the painting is defined also by the character of the dab, the processing of a colorful surface (texture). The volume and space is connected with the linear and air outlook, shadow-light modeling, use of tonal gradation and spatial qualities of warm and cold colors. The painting can be single-layered (alla prima) and multi-layered, having an under-painting. Painting genres historically developed internal divisions in the majority of the art forms, specific to each of the areas of art culture.
In the fine arts, the basic genres are defined first of all in an image of the object (a portrait, a landscape, an interior, a still-life, and also a historical, battle, animals, household genres) or on the character of interpretation of this subject (a caricature, a cartoon, a chamber portrait, an historic-genre art, etc.) "sub-genres" the basic genres can arise as a fragmentation of the subjects of the images themselves (a sea kind, marine - a special kind of a landscape, "breakfasts" and "desserts" - still-life versions).
The basic genres, as well as the concept of genre have historical limits. Only in the 17-18th centuries did the aesthetics of classicism create a strict hierarchical genre system with divisions of genres on a "high" and "low" scale. However, as early as in the 19th century, this hierarchy collapses, and borders between genres gradually rubbed and the process of their interlacing and difficult interaction begins.
There is difference among monumental and decoration painting (wall fresco, plafonds, panel), easel painting (picture), decoration painting (theatrical and film scenery), a decorative painting of things of everyday use, icon painting, a miniature (illustration of manuscripts, portrait), a diorama and a panorama. The basic technical versions - oil painting, water color painting on plaster - raw (fresco) and dry (a secco), tempera, glue painting, wax painting, enamel, ceramic painting, mosaic, glass painting, the water painting, gouache, a pastel, India ink often also serve the purpose of art works. |
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